Microorganisms.
Genetic engineering provides many ways of optimizing methods for producing various substances including vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids. The production of a substance naturally found in a microorganism can be enhanced. The regulatory machinery controlling a gene can be changed for a stronger promoter. The enzyme coded by this gene can thus be produced in much greater quantities. The same effect can be achieved making sure that the desired substance is constantly produced. Microorganisms will usually stop producing a substance when enough is available. Genetic engineering can be used to deactivate this "stop signal". Some important substances are only produced naturally by microorganisms that are difficult to culture. In this case, the gene used by the microorganism to produce the substance of interest can be given to a different microorganism that is easier to grow. Even the nutritive medium used to grow bacteria and fungi is often made from GMOs. Certain proteins, starches, and sugars needed by microorganisms are produced from genetically modified soy or maize.

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